In-depth analysis of soil management and farmers’ perceptions of related risks in two olive grove areas in southern Spain

This manuscript presents a questionnaire-based study aimed to provide detailed analysis on the different soil management carried out by olive farmers in two representative olive-growing areas southern Spain (Cordoba and Estepa), their perceptions cover crop use possible influence of types farms farmers’ typologies these perceptions. Our results show relatively large variability management, with fourteen options, as result combination alternatives for bare crops or not pruning residues, but great similarity between both areas. The indicate high adoption conservation measures areas, 63% using 80% mulch higher than that reported previous studies Southern Spain, trend lower techniques less experienced younger farmers. penetration resulted significant reduction erosion risk, indicated low values factor (C) RUSLE, also calculated presented this study, possibility focusing further efforts experience. persistence minor, relevant, percentage (37%) no mulching (20%), moderate concern impact degradation provision ecosystem services. suggests need concentrate cluster enhance success what seems be remarkable expansion recent decades similar Mediterranean basin.